Although health experts agree that physical exercise is very beneficial for health. But they also believe, physical exercises that are too excessive to spend a lot of energy, which is needed for a successful pregnancy. The invention disclosed by a team of researchers from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology is conducting research involving 3,000 women.

They ask questions to the respondents about the frequency, duration and intensity of fitness exercises conducted between 1984 and 1986. Ten years later, researchers asked the respondents again, this time on the question of their pregnancy.

“Among all women, we found two groups who have increased risk of infertility (infertility). They are an exercise almost every day and those who exercise to really feel tired. They both have the highest risk of infertility,” said lead study , Sigridur Lara Gudmundsdottir, revealed its findings.

Even ignoring such factors as age, weight, marriage status and smoking habits, researchers found women who train hard 3-fold risk of impaired fertility.

And the most vulnerable to this risk are young women. Those aged under 30 years old and most frequent physical exercise, almost a quarter can not get pregnant during their first year of trying, compared with an average gestation of about seven percent nationally.

Nevertheless, Sigridur Lara explained that the negative impact of a fitness routine is not permanent, because the majority of women involved in this study, in the end could also have a child. But not known for certain, whether the women to change their physical activity or because their hormones have improved over time.

“Women who exercise hard in the mid-1980s, ultimately having children in the 1990′s,” he continued.

For women who want babies, Sigridur Lara urged them to set the fitness to do and avoid physical exercise too esktrim.

“We believe in doing physical exercises with high or low levels have a negative impact on fertility, while doing the activity with the levels being clearly more advantageous,” he said.

* Helps remove toxins and free radicals from the body
Cigarette smoke, air pollution or chemicals in beauty products that have a negative impact on our skin. Free radical damage because it can cause the skin so that wrinkles or spots. With exercise, toxins in our bodies can be issued. Good blood circulation causes the distribution of absorbed nutrients to the skin up and helps remove toxins in the skin.

* Stimulate collagen production
Collagen is a filler material to skin cells that make skin supple and taut. With age, collagen production decreases and is reduced resulting become dry and wrinkled skin. Collagen production can be stimulated by regular exercise because the skin cells will get the distribution of oxygen and good nutrition so that the skin will be radiant and supple.

* Prevent acne
This is because exercise helps control the production of DHEA and DHT hormones that trigger acne. Another cause of acne is due to stress. We will produce stress hormones that trigger acne. However, studies show that most of the stress will be reduced if you exercise regularly so that the acne would not appear.

* Reduces cellulite
Cellulite is due to fibroblast interested fabric and form pockets of fat. Cellulite is generally on the buttocks, thighs, back or arms and make the skin resembles an orange. The presence of cellulite will interfere with your performance. When exercising, the body undergoes the process of formation of cellulite and stretch the muscles so that there can be eliminated.

Know that you can get slender abdomen with a sports shrink the stomach accompanied with a healthy diet. Is still have to diet even have sports? Diet is a healthy diet here in which we choose to eat foods that are healthy and good for the body. Avoid fatty foods, which will reduce the fat in the abdomen. If you continue to eat foods rich in fat, then you can only build muscle under your fat layer. This is why many women have thin distended abdomen.

With a sports shrink the stomach, you can shape your dream body shape. Here is an effective and mild exercise can be done anywhere:

Sit ups
Lie on your back with knees bent and feet flat on the floor. Cross your arms in front of your chest or place your hands behind your head to minimize neck strain. When you lie down, tighten your abdominal muscles and raise your upper body from the stomach. Hold for two seconds and lower back down. Take a breath when your body down and waste of breath when your body goes up. Repeat for several times.

You can also use a medium-sized yoga ball as a backrest. In the beginning, because not used, you will only be able to sit up 50 times or maybe under it. But with time and increased strength of your stamina, you will be able to do sit ups 50 times as much as 5 sets.

Side Plank
Lie on left side of your body in a towel or mat. You should try to support the body and legs with only your forearm and your foot, so that your left elbow located below the left shoulder, ankle and bend 90 degrees. Your forearm should be flat on the ground. Put your right foot over left foot, and doing your abdominal muscle contraction at the time you press the arm and left leg down to lift the body off the ground. Breathing evenly, and keep your body in a straight line from your shoulders to ankles. Try to hold for several seconds before releasing it.

If you just do toning or body formation, then your weight will not drop as much when you do aerobic exercise. This is because, muscle is heavier than fat. If you want to lose weight and make the whole body look proportional, then you must also do aerobic exercise such as jogging, etc..

In the end, you should know that this is a lifestyle change that requires discipline. Initially it may be heavy, but over time you will get used. Do exercise shrink the stomach with friends – your friends to make it feel more enjoyable and that you have support for extra motivation, especially if you are vying with each other to shrink the stomach where the belt loop checks carried out every week.

If you can walk, then you can run. If you can walk, you can also run. Even in so-called Independent research of 6,500 people that the elderly showed that people aged 70 years old who likes to og the same physical and brain health with people aged 50 years.

Even George W. Bush, at the age of 55 usually run about 5 miles by 4 x per week. He could travel a distance of 1.6 km in just 8 minutes.

Gladys Burrill (92), a grandmother from Honolulu, Hawaii, received a certificate from Guinness World Records as the oldest person to complete the marathon track along the 26.2 miles in 9 hours 53 minutes. Running speed (distance) was 4.2 km / hour.

Although other studies have shown jogging can give the knee and leg injuries in 57% of parents, but it can actually be overcome by the use of shoes with thick rubber pads and padded to reduce impact. If you need to install additional cushioning to absorb impact while running. When jogging can be done slowly. Not need to jump so high that collisions remain light / low impact.

But if you are old but also very overweight, do not be forced to go jogging. No cane, the root was so. Brisk walking was not masah.

To go jogging should be done after sunrise, for example 6:00 am. If any more early morning prayers for example, after the congregation disbanded (at about 5:15) is not a problem.

Use comfortable shoes so your feet do not blister. Then choose a safe route. Quite crowded and free of the thugs / mugger. To be more safe, you should go jogging with friends or your family.

Make sure also safe from an oncoming vehicle. To be more safe, you should run against the flow of vehicles. So you can see a vehicle speeding toward you to minimize the possibility of getting hit by.

You should wear dress shirts and sweatpants. Drinking a glass of water first so fresh and do not forget that not dying for a pee in the middle of the road.

Before you run, you should first walk about 200 meters or 5 minutes to warm up. If you are a beginner runner, preferably after running 100 meters, you are relaxed way about 200 meters. If you are not tired, running again as far as 100 meters. This is so that you are not tired.

Later next week, you can add the distance you ran as far as 200 meters, plus again the next week so as far as 100 m 300 m, and so on. Distance run as far as 3-5 km is also sufficient to maintain health. Ideally do 5x a week. But if you can not once a week is also not a problem. A distance of 3 km for 30 minutes is good enough, especially if you have passed the golden age.

When running, adjust your breath. Inhale deeply slowly. Once you taste a chest full of new, well out gradually. If you can not talk properly when running with your friends, it means you have good breath.

We want to end up, previously used to walk about 5 minutes for cooling (cooling down). Do not immediately sit down. Once your body temperature begins to fall and stop sweating, your new shower in the morning.

1.Physical fitness
Physical fitness comprises two related concepts: general fitness (a state of health and well-being) and specific fitness (a task-oriented definition based on the ability to perform specific aspects of sports or occupations). Physical fitness is generally achieved through correct nutrition, exercise, and enough rest.

In previous years, fitness was commonly defined as the capacity to carry out the day’s activities without undue fatigue. However, as automation increased leisure time, changes in lifestyles following the industrial revolution rendered this definition insufficient. These days, physical fitness is considered a measure of the body’s ability to function efficiently and effectively in work and leisure activities, to be healthy, to resist hypokinetic diseases, and to meet emergency situations.

2.Cardiorespiratory fitness
Cardiorespiratory fitness refers to the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen to skeletal muscles during sustained physical activity. Regular exercise makes these systems more efficient by enlarging the heart muscle, enabling more blood to be pumped with each stroke, and increasing the number of small arteries in trained skeletal muscles, which supply more blood to working muscles. Exercise improves the respiratory system by increasing the amount of oxygen that is inhaled and distributed to body tissue.

Cardiorespiratory fitness is also sometimes referred to as Aerobic fitness.

There are many benefits of cardiorespiratory fitness. Some include improving sexual drive, longer erections, increase in sexual energy, better sex, and can make a person feel happier. It can also reduce the risk of heart disease, lung cancer, type 2 diabetes, stroke, and many other sicknesses. Cardiorespiratory fitness helps improve the condition of your lungs and heart, and will make you feel strong.

The American College of Sports Medicine recommends aerobic exercise 3-5 times per week for 20–60 minutes per session, at an intensity that maintains the heart rate between 65-90% of the maximum heart rate.

3.Fitness approximation
In function optimization, fitness approximation is a method for decreasing the number of fitness function evaluations to reach a target solution. It belongs to the general class of evolutionary computation or artificial evolution methodologies. Fitness approximation may be appropriate, especially in the following cases:

. Fitness computation time of a single solution is extremely high
. Precise model for fitness computation is missing
. The fitness function is uncertain or noisy.

Two main classes of fitness functions exist: one where the fitness function does not change, as in optimizing a fixed function or testing with a fixed set of test cases; and one where the fitness function is mutable, as in niche differentiation or co-evolving the set of test cases.

Another way of looking at fitness functions is in terms of a fitness landscape, which shows the fitness for each possible chromosome.

Definition of the fitness function is not straightforward in many cases and often is performed iteratively if the fittest solutions produced by GA are not what is desired. In some cases, it is very hard or impossible to come up even with a guess of what fitness function definition might be. Interactive genetic algorithms address this difficulty by outsourcing evaluation to external agents (normally humans).

4.Fitness and figure competition
Fitness and Figure competition is a class of physique-exhibition events for women. While bearing a close resemblance to female bodybuilding, they emphasizes muscle tone over muscle size.

5.Fitness function
A fitness function is a particular type of objective function that is used to summarise, as a single figure of merit, how close a given design solution is to achieving the set aims.

In particular, in the fields of genetic programming and genetic algorithms, each design solution is represented as a string of numbers (referred to as a chromosome). After each round of testing, or simulation, the idea is to delete the ‘n’ worst design solutions, and to breed ‘n’ new ones from the best design solutions. Each design solution, therefore, needs to be awarded a figure of merit, to indicate how close it came to meeting the overall specification, and this is generated by applying the fitness function to the test, or simulation, results obtained from that solution.

The reason that genetic algorithms are not a lazy way of performing design work is precisely because of the effort involved in designing a workable fitness function. Even though it is no longer the human designer, but the computer, that comes up with the final design, it is the human designer who has to design the fitness function. If this is designed wrongly, the algorithm will either converge on an inappropriate solution, or will have difficulty converging at all.

Moreover, the fitness function must not only correlate closely with the designer’s goal, it must also be computed quickly. Speed of execution is very important, as a typical genetic algorithm must be iterated many times in order to produce a usable result for a non-trivial problem.

6.Fitness (biology)
Fitness (often denoted w in population genetics models) is a central idea in evolutionary theory. It can be defined either with respect to a genotype or to a phenotype. In either case, it describes the ability to both survive and reproduce, and is equal to the average contribution to the gene pool of the next generation that is made by an average individual of the specified genotype or phenotype. If differences between alleles at a given gene affect fitness, then the frequencies of the alleles will change over generations; the alleles with higher fitness become more common. This process is called natural selection.

An individual’s fitness is manifested through its phenotype. As phenotype is affected by both genes and environment, the fitnesses of different individuals with the same genotype are not necessarily equal, but depend on the environment in which the individuals live. However, since the fitness of the genotype is an averaged quantity, it will reflect the reproductive outcomes of all individuals with that genotype.

Inclusive fitness differs from individual fitness by including the ability of an allele in one individual to promote the survival and/or reproduction of other individuals that share that allele, in preference to individuals with a different allele. One mechanism of inclusive fitness is kin selection.

Corporate profits grew rapidly, and in 1966, BRS opened its first retail store, located on Pico Boulevard in Santa Monica, California. In 1971, the relationship between BRS and Onitsuka Tiger nearing the end, and BRS prepared to launch his own footwear company. The first shoes are sold to the public is a soccer shoe called “Nike”, which was released in the summer of 1971.

In February 1972, BRS introduced the brand’s first Nike shoe, the Nike name comes from the Greek goddess of victory. In 1978, BRS, Inc. itself was officially renamed Nike, Inc.. Beginning with Ilie Nastase, the first professional athlete to a contract with BRS / Nike, the sponsorship of athletes became a major marketing tool for a fast growing company.

Now they have the best shoes at the time, and they need to promote it, so Nike began sponsoring athletes. Nike decided to sponsor John McEnroe, a tennis player who produces a lot of attention when he played because he would constantly swear at the referee.

In 1979, Nike running shoes are most popular in the states. And now Nike started to sell more than shoes, they started to sell Nike apparel and sports equipment for most sports.

There is one thing that bothers Nike, Reebok ie. Reebok eventually exceeded sales of Nike shoes, but Nike back by entering a special shoe for every sport and activity.

The biggest breakthrough is the Michael Jordan Nike, which signed directly from the University of North Carolina. This is what makes Nike won the competition with Reebok. Even though Michael Jordan was famous, he was not the first choice of Phil Knight. Nike is trying to get Larry Bird and Magic Johnson, two of the most popular athletes at the time.

In 1980, Nike had reached 50% market share in U.S. athletic shoe market, and the company went public in December of that year. Growth is due largely to ad ‘word-of-foot’ (to quote a Nike print ad from the late 1970s), rather than television ads. Nike’s first national television advertising took place in October 1982 during a broadcast of the New York Marathon. Ads were created by advertising agency Wieden + Kennedy, which has formed several months earlier in April 1982.

Together, Nike and Wieden + Kennedy has created a lot of print ads and TV set, indelible and continues to be the main agent of Nike today. And Wieden was the one who created the famous slogan “Just Do It” ad campaign for Nike in 1988, which was chosen by Advertising Age as one of the top five advertising slogan in the 20th century, and the campaign has been enshrined in the Smithsonian Institution.

The Swoosh
“Swoosh” is a design that was created in 1971 by Carolyn Davidson, a graphic design student at Portland State University. She met Phil Knight while he was teaching accounting classes and she started doing some freelance work for his company, Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS). Logo Nike “Swoosh” represent the wing at the statue of the Greek Goddess of victory headliner, Nike, which is a source of inspiration for many great and brave warrior.

BRS needed a new brand for to get ready to introduce its new line of athletic footwear they were in 1972. Knight approached Davidson for design ideas, and he agreed to give to them. In June 1971, Davidson presented a number of design options Knight and other BRS executives, and they end up choosing a global brand now known as the Swoosh. Davidson submitted a bill for $ 35 for his work.

The first running shoes bearing the logo Swoosh who was introduced at the U.S. Track and Field Olympic Trials in Eugene, Ore., in June 1972. Nike still to this day continue to use this brand.

History of establishment ADIDAS

Established in Herzogenaurach, Germany in 1920 by two brothers Adolf (Adi) Dassler and Rudolf Dassler, the company initially produced only slippers. One day in 1925, Adi successfully design a pair of sports shoes, and since then the business improvement and development in the field of shoes continues to be done. After various innovations they did, in 1927′s, adidas has successfully designed a special shoe for a variety of sports requisites, and in 1928 they gave them for free shoes to athletes participating in the Amsterdam Olympics. Supported by progress in the field of broadcasting and television, adidas enjoy the benefits of sporting events like the Olympics or football, because their logo 3 stripes easily recognizable from afar.

Although some progress was achieved, in 1948 the conflict between the Dassler brothers resulted in the breakup of their company. Adi Dassler to run his own company, taking his first name “Adi” and combine it with pieces of his last name so it becomes “adidas”, he mendafarkan logo as a trademark three stripes of adidas. While his brother Rudolph moved to other parts of the city and established his own sports company, Puma.

Gymnastics ordinary people use for recreation, relaxation or calm the mind, usually someone has to do at home, at the gym, at the gymnasium and at school. Now, since childhood, many children are used to teach gymnastics, either by parents or by teachers in school sports. Gymnastics is very important for the formation of the body’s flexibility, the significance for human survival.

There are a variety of gymnastics, including floor exercise, pregnancy exercise, aerobics, gymnastics, scouts, Freshness Gymnastics Coaching (SKJ), etc.. Usually in elementary school, teachers teach gymnastics, gymnastics is easily digested by the students, such as gymnastics SKJ and scouts. But when a teenager, a lot of people doing aerobics, gymnastics or other, including meditation to calm yourself.

Old games
Older normal football game is 2 × 45 minutes, plus resting for 15 minutes between innings. If the same position a draw, extra time then held for 2 × 15 minutes, to get the winner, but just as strong if it is held on penalties. The referee can determine how much extra time at the end of each round in lieu of time lost through substitutions, injured in need, or other termination. Additional time is referred to as the injury time or stoppage time.

Goals scored in extra time will be calculated into the final score of the game, while goals from penalties only determine if a team can advance to the next game or not (does not affect the final score). In the late 1990s, the International Football Association Board (IFAB) imposed a system of a golden goal (golden goal) or goals silver (silver goal) to finish the game. In the golden goal system, the first team to score during extra-time progress will be the winner, while the silver goal, a team led at the end of the first half of extra time will come out as winners. Both systems are no longer used by the IFAB.

Violation
If a player violates a hard enough then the referee can give a warning with a yellow card or red card. The match will be stopped and the referee showed the card to the front of the players who violate the then record the name in the book. A yellow card warnings for violations such as being unsportsmanlike, constantly breaking the rules, odds of words or actions, delayed restarting the game, and out of the match without the referee’s consent, or do not keep your distance from an opposing player who was a free kick or throw-in. The player who receives two yellow cards will get a red card and out of the game.

Players who get a red card must leave the game without being able to be replaced with other players. Some examples of actions that can be given a red card is a serious offense that endangers or causes severe injury to the opponent, spitting, violence, breaking the opponent who was trying to score, touching the ball to prevent a goal, and using language or gestures that tend to be challenging.

Referees and Match Officials
In the professional game, there are four officers who led the game, ie the referee, two linesmen, and an officer on the edge of the infield. The referee has a whistle that indicates whether the time to stop or start playing ball. He is also tasked with providing penalties and warnings for the violations that occurred in the field. Each lineman is responsible for overseeing half of the field. They carried a flag with bright colors to indicate a violation, the ball came out, or offside. Usually they will move to follow the position of the last defender.

The last officer has a duty to record all the time which was a stop during a match and provide additional information regarding the time at the end of each round. Officers are also tasked with examining substitutions and a liaison between the team manager with the referee. In some games, the use of video technology or use of the fifth person to determine the accuracy of refereeing decisions started to be used. Eg determining whether a ball has crossed the line or whether a player is in a state offside when scoring.

Basically, a soccer team consisting of a one goalkeeper, defender 2-3 people, (fullbacks), midfielders 2-4 people, 1-3 people and the attacker. Goalkeeper is the only player who may use the hands to protect the net from the opponent’s attack. Generally, the goalie wearing clothes that are different from other players. Defender has a major task to stop the opponent’s attack. Midfielder usually consists of the attacking midfielder who plays close to the attacker and the defensive midfielder to play closer to the defender. The attacker has the primary task to score against the opponent.

The position of the player base can be modified into various patterns or tactics game. Some patterns are frequently used players in different championships are 4-4-2 (most used), 3-4-2-1 (‘s strength lies in the middle of the field), and 4-3-3 (formation of the 1970 classic – an often used by the Dutch total football system and West Germany).

Football may refer to one of a number of team sports the which all involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball with the foot to score a goal. The most popular of these sports worldwide is association football, more commonly known as just “football” or “soccer”. Unqualified, the word football APPLIES to whichever form of football is the most popular in the regional context in the which the word Appears, including American football, Australian rules football, Canadian football, Gaelic football, rugby league, rugby union and other related games.

The history of football in Indonesia beginning with the founding of Goods All Indonesia Football Association (PSSI) in Yogyakarta on 19 April 1930 with the leadership Soeratin Sosrosoegondo. In PSSI congress in Solo, the organization changed its name to All Indonesia Football Association. Since then, football events are increasingly being driven by PSSI and the more people playing in the street or plaza where I Union Competition was held. As a form of support for the resurrection “Football Nationality”, Pakubuwono X-founded the football stadium Sriwedari making Indonesia more incentive.

A relic Soeratin Sosrosoegondo, achievement Indonesia national football team is not very satisfactory because of coaching the national team is not balanced with organizational development and competition. In the era before the 1970s, Indonesia had a few players to compete in international competitions, among them Ramang, Sucipto Suntoro, Ronny Pattinasarani, and Tan Liong Houw. During its development, PSSI has expanded its domestic football competitions, including the implementation of Indonesia Super League, First Division, Division One and Division Two for the non-amateur player, as well as the third division for amateur players. In addition, PSSI is also actively develop women’s soccer competition and competition in certain age groups (U-15, U-19, U-19 and U-23).

Motion sequences Keseluhan
The sequence of motion in the running when viewed from the stages is a stage prop consisting of a front strut and a thrust stage and drifting phase of the swing phase of forward and one step recovery or recovery.
Support your stage (support phase), at this stage to minimize the inhibition of current bertuuan touch the ground and maximize impulse forward. When viewed from the technical properties are landed on the soles of the feet (ballfoot).
Phase drift (flaying phase), at this stage aims to maximize the push forward and to prepare an effective placement of the feet touch the ground now. When viewed from the technical properties at this stage is the knee of the leg swinging forward and since moving to e above (for continuing encouragement and increase the length of step)
Phase – Phase Learning
Learning sprints (sprint) consists of several stages, namely:
Stage Play (games)
Basic Engineering Phase (Basic of Technic)
Stage Play
At this stage aims to introduce the problem of motion (movement problems) ran a short distance directly, and how to run a short distance anatomically correct terms, ran a short distance to improve attitudes and increase students ‘motivation towards learning, which in turn can improve students’ physical fitness. Specific purpose in playing the sprint is to increase the reaction moves, speed and acceleration of movement of students, as well as the coordination of the student movement in running. In the play aa few forms that can be given, namely the form of individual, small group or large group.
Basic Engineering Phase (Basic of Technic)
This stage aims to learn the basic motion a systematic sprints. As for the stages as follows:

b.1. ABC Basic Exercises
This stage aims to develop basic skills and develop motor coordination ran sprints. The exercises are: Heel kick ass (A); Motion ankling (B); knees lifted high (C); knees raised high and the legs straightened out (D).
b.2. Basic Exercise Coordination ABC
This stage aims to develop and coordinate keteramilan run fast.
B.3. Running Quickly With Prisoner
This stage aims to develop a thrust stage or phase support and special forces. At this stage it can use the custody of a friend or a device handler or some such as car tires motorcycle tires, do not exceed weight * with prisoners, as well as the teachers pay attention to the foot prop really straight and in contact with the ground as short as possible.
b.4. Running Pursuit
This stage aims to develop the reaction speed and acceleration run. Exercise ni can use tomgkat or rope along the 1.5 m; start by running slowly after a couple friends in front of a stick or rope off the back of students who pursue until the specified limits.
B.5. Running Acceleration
This stage aims to develop and keceatan maximum acceleration run. Make a sign to mark the area of ​​6 m, a friend waiting at the end of the specified limits, and the runners who ran behind the optimum and if the runners who ran percepatlah dating reach 6 m and the area in front of the runners who began running as fast as possible when the runner has stepped behind the line 6 m behind.
B.6. Float Start Running Sprint 20 m
This stage aims to develop the maximum speed. To do so make a mark 20 m and use the prefix 20 to 30 m but the bias adjusted to the state of the field between 10 to 20 m, then students berusahamelewati specified limits with a maximum speed.